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Full text of ' DELH[ UNIVERSITl LIBRARY DELHI UNIVERSITY LIBRARY di. V ^ ^ * N 3 Ao.No. Date of release for loan This book should be returned on or^efore the date last stamped below. An overdue charge of one anna will be charged for each day the book is kept overtime. THE ORIGINS OF MODERN RUSSIA JAN KUGHARZEWSKI The Origins OF Modern Russia The Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America N^York, N.Y. 1948 Copyright 1948 by The Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America, Inc. PXIHISS IK IKS UKins STAns or AUSUCA BY »HB WHIT* SAGI.E raiKTING COUPAHY, IISHTOK, H.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The financial means for the publication of this book were supplied by the Polish American Congress, Inc., which supports Polish literary and research activity. For this generous assistance which made the ap- pearance of this book possible the author wishes to express his sincere gratitude to the Polish American Congress. He also desires to thank the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America for the work and efforts imdertaken in preparing the book for publication. INTRODUCTORY NOTE Hn the midst of the uncertainties and the tensions of our distraught post-war world, there is no complex of questions more constant and urgent in the Western world than those bearing upon the basic nature and ultimate aims of Russia. The fact that these questions persist un- abated in fhe face of the multitude of books, articles and radio and journalistic reports that crowd our press, measures both the complexity of the subject and the desire of the West to understand, if at all possible, the roots of Russian behavior which, on the face of itf offers many points of unpredictability and apparent arbitrariness. Most of the present-day writers on Russia find so much to hold their interest in the current scene that they are unable or disinclined to go deeper than the intriguing surface.

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But so strikuig a phenomenon as the Soviet Union must certainly have deep roots. As the visible structure of a tree is inseparably connected with the structure of the root system, so the Russia of 1948 must have roots that reach back hundreds of years. It is this below-the-surface root system that Jan Kucharzewski examines with such penetration in the present work, an abridged translation of his seven volume classic Od bialego caratu do czerwonego ( From White Tsardom to Red) — published in Warsaw from 1923-1935. There are few men ahve who have had the opportunity, the wish or the capacity to make the examination of Russia’s spiritual development in the past centmy which lies before us in this book.

This simple fact measures the importance of the work. Jan Kucharzewski was born (1876), raised and educated in Rus- sian Poland. He studied abroad from 1899 to 1901 and returned to War- saw to teach in such Polish higher institutions as were allowed by the Russian administration. Active from the first in secret Polish patriotic organizations, he soon found his metier in research into the social and in- tellectual background of Poland’s quest for independence and Russia’s negative attitude to that urge. The war of 1914-1918 brouglit Poland her chance, and Kucharzew- viii IN'lHODUCl’OHY NOTE ski, then in Switzerland, in cooperation with Ignace Paderewski, Henryk Sienkiewicz and other like-minded Poles living in neutral or Allied coun- tries plunged into the struggle to inform the West of Poland’s rights and to guide Polish opinion and action so as to avoid mistakes made in pre- vious crises. When Germany pushed the Russians eastward — late in 1916, it seemed opportune in order to gain Polish support to make the gesture of setting up an autonomous Poland. Kucharzewski was asked by the Polish Regency Council early in 1917 to assume the premiership of a Polish government — a post he accepted with grave misgivings that same summer.

But when Germany’s intentions toward Poland be- came clear at the Treaty of Brest Litovsk (Feb. 9, 1918), Kucharzewski resigned in protest two days later, declaring that the Polish people de- manded an independent democratic state of their own. When victory finally came, many posts, including that of premier, were at various times offered to him, but he felt his greatest contribution to Central European peace and understanding would be the clear and definite formulation of the results of his researches into Russian history and thought, and he declined offers of high public office and university professorship to ddvote himself exclusively to the study we have before us in his own abridgement. He had ready for the press three additional volumes which constituted an analysis of the internal developments in Russia under the reign of Nicholas II and the transition to bolshevism. At the time of the German invasion in the fall of 1939, during the bombardment of Warsaw a German incendiary shell hit his home.